| Hunting is the practice of pursuing
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| | Hunting is still vital in marginal
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| animals to capture or kill them for food,
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| | climates, especially those unsuited for
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| recreation, or trade in their products.
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| | pastoral uses or agriculture. Inuit
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| In modern use, the term refers to
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| | peoples in the Arctic trap and hunt
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| regulated and legal hunting, as
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| | animals for clothing, and produce
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| distinguished from poaching, which is the
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| | complicated parkas consisting of up to 60
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| killing, trapping or capture of animals
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| | stitched pieces capable of with-standing
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| contrary to law. Hunted animals are
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| | sub-zero temperatures. From the skins of
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| referred to as game animals, and are
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| | sea mammals they may make water-proof
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| usually large mammals or migratory birds.
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| | kayaks, clothing, gloves and footwear.
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| The killing of other humans is most often
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| | With domestication of the dog, birds of
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| called execution (judicial), homicide
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| | prey and the ferret, various forms of
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| (illegal), genocide (an entire people or
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| | animal-aided hunting developed including
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| culture) or war (legalized, between
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| | venery (scent hound hunting, such as fox
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| political entities).
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| | hunting), coursing (sight hound hunting),
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| By definition, hunting strictly speaking
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| | falconry and ferreting. These are all
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| excludes the killing -though the same
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| | associated with medieval hunting; in time
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| techniques may be used- of individual
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| | various dog breeds were selected for very
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| animals that have become dangerous to
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| | precise tasks during the hunt, reflected
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| humans and the killing of non-game
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| | in such names as pointer and setter.
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| animals, domestic animals, or vermin (or
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| | Hunting in pastoral and agricultural
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| "varmints") as a means of pest control.
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| | societies
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| Hunting may be a component of modern
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| | Even as agriculture and animal husbandry
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| wildlife management, sometimes used to
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| | become more prevalent, hunting often
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| help maintain a population of healthy
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| | remains a part of human cultures where
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| animals within an environment's
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| | the environment and social conditions
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| ecological carrying capacity. Wildlife
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| | allow. Hunting may be used to kill
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| managers are frequently part of hunting
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| | animals who prey upon domestic animals or
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| regulatory and licensing bodies, where
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| | to extirpate native animals seen as
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| they help to set rules on the number,
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| | competition for resources such as water
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| manner and conditions in which game may
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| | or forage.
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| be hunted or "harvested."
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| | As hunting moved from a subsistence
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| The pursuit, capture and release, or
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| | activity to a social one, two trends
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| capture to eat of fish is called fishing,
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| | emerged. One was that of the specialist
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| which is not commonly categorized as a
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| | hunter: rather than a general masculine
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| kind of hunting, although many hunters
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| | task, hunting became one of many trades
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| may also fish. Trapping is also usually
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| | pursued by those with special training
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| considered a separate activity. Neither
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| | and equipment. The other was the
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| is it considered hunting to pursue
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| | emergence of hunting as a sport for those
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| animals without intent to possibly kill,
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| | of a higher social class. Here in middle
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| as in wildlife photography or
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| | English the word "game" finds its meaning
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| birdwatching, or to "hunt" for plants or
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| | extended from a sport to an animal which
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| mushrooms.
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| | is hunted.
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| Ancient roots
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| | As game became more of a luxury than a
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| Before the widespread domestication of
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| | necessity, the stylized pursuit of it
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| animals, hunting was a crucial component
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| | also became a luxury. Dangerous hunting,
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| of hunter-gatherer societies, and is a
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| | as for lions or wild boars, usually on
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| theme of many stories and myths, as well
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| | horseback (or from a chariot, as in
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| as many proverbs, aphorisms, adages and
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| | Pharaonic Egypt and Mesopotamia) also had
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| metaphors even today.
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| | function similar to tournaments and manly
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| Persistence hunting may well have been
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| | sports: an honourable, somewhat
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| the first form of hunting practised by
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| | competitive pastime to help the
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| paleolithic humans. It is likely that
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| | aristocracy practice skills of war in
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| this method of hunting evolved before
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| | times of peace.
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| humans invented missile weapons, such as
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| | Nobleman in Hunting Costume, preceded by
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| the spear thrower or the bow-and-arrow.
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| | his Servant, trying to find the Scent of
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| Since they could not kill their prey from
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| | a Stag. From a Miniature in the Book of
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| a distance and were not fast enough to
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| | Gaston In most parts of medieval Europe,
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| catch the animal, the only reliable way
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| | the upper-class (aristocracy and higher
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| to kill it would have been to run it down
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| | clergy) obtained as proud privilege the
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| over a long distance.
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| | sole rights to hunt (and sometimes fish)
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| In this regard one has to bear in mind
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| | in certain areas of a feudal territory.
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| that as hominids adapted to bipedalism
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| | Game in these areas was certainly used as
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| they would have lost some speed, becoming
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| | a source of food and furs, often provided
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| less able to catch prey with short, fast
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| | via professional huntsmen; but it was
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| charges, but gaining endurance and become
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| | also expected to provide a form of
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| better adapted to persistence hunting.
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| | recreation for the aristocracy. The
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| The evolution of the distinctively human
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| | importance of this proprietary view of
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| sweating apparatus and relative
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| | game can be seen in the Robin Hood
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| hairlessness would have given hunters an
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| | legends, in which one of the primary
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| additional advantage by keeping their
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| | charges against the outlaws is that they
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| bodies cool in the midday heat.
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| | "hunt the King's deer".
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| During the persistence hunt an antelope,
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| | Hunting with dogs
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| such as a kudu, is not shot or speared
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| | Although various animals have been used
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| from a distance, but simply run down in
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| | to aid the hunter, none has been as
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| the midday heat. Depending on the
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| | important as the dog. The domestication
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| specific conditions, hunters of the
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| | of the dog has led to a symbiotic
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| central Kalahari will chase a kudu for
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| | relationship in which the dog has lost
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| about two to five hours over 25 to 35 km
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| | its evolutionary independence and
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| in temperatures of about 40 to 42
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| | provided aid in hunting to man in
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| °C. The hunter chases the kudu,
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| | exchange for support. The modern hunting
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| which then runs away out of sight. By
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| | dog represents the combined efforts of
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| tracking it down at a fast running pace
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| | generations of mankind in a way that is
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| the hunter catches up with it before it
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| | virtually unparalleled, except perhaps in
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| has had enough time to rest in the shade.
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| | the cultivation of grapes and production
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| The animal is repeatedly chased and
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| | of wine.
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| tracked down until it is too exhausted to
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| | Their evolution through selective
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| continue running. The hunter then kills
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| | breeding from wolves which hunted for
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| it at close range with a spear.
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| | themselves to the pointer and other
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| The persistence hunt is still practised
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| | hunting dogs which find, identify and
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| by hunter-gatherers in the central
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| | retrieve prey entirely in service to man
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| Kalahari Desert in Southern Africa.
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| | is extraordinary.
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| Even as animal domestication became
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| | Although it is largely forgotten by the
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| relatively widespread, hunting was
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| | modern world, the use of dogs in hunting
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| usually a significant contributor to the
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| | represents a collaboration of persons
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| human food supply, even after the
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| | over time which reaches back to the dawn
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| development of agriculture. The
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| | of our species.
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| supplementary meat and materials from
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| | The very word for hunting in Ancient
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| hunting included protein (literally "the
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| | Greek, kynegia, is derived from kynos
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| most important") food, bone for
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| | 'dog'. In the Ottoman empire some 33-34
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| implements, sinew for cordage, fur and
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| | of the 196 orta (companies, none under a
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| feathers for ornament, with rawhide and
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| | hundred men) of the elite force of
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| leather also used in clothing and
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| | Janissaries were Sekban, i.e. dog guards,
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| shelter. The earliest hunting weapons
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| | destined in peace time for the ruler's
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| would have included rocks, spears, the
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| | beloved (dog) hunting past time.
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| atlatl, bow and arrows.
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| | Dogs today are employed to primarily to
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| On Ancient reliefs, especially from
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| | find and retrieve game. Hunting dogs
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| Mesopotamia, kings ar often depicted as
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| | allow man, with his decreased senses of
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| hunters on big game such as lions,
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| | smell and hearing, to pursue and kill
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| specially from a war chariot, another
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| | prey that would otherwise be very
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| virile status symbol; perhaps the
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| | difficult or dangerous to hunt.
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| archetype is the legendary biblical
| |
| | Modern sport hunting
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| Nimrod (king). The cultural and
| |
| | In time, this aristocratic type of
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| psychological importance of hunting in
| |
| | hunting lost its roots as a source of
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| ancient societies is represented by
| |
| | food and supplies and was seen as a
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| deities such as the horned god Cernunnos,
| |
| | sporting activity. Ultimately, the rising
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| or lunar goddesses of classical
| |
| | middle class or bourgeoisie adopted the
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| antiquity, Greek Artemis or Roman Diana.
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| | practice and retained its image.
|
| Taboos are often related to hunting, and
| |
| | Generally hunters also took two separate
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| mythological association of prey species
| |
| | paths, recreational and trophy hunting.
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| with a divinity could be reflected in
| |
| | Although skilled recreational hunters may
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| hunting restrictions such as a 'reserve'
| |
| | choose to become more selective hunters
|
| surrounding a temple. Euripides' tale of
| |
| | in attempts at taking a good animal, many
|
| Artemis and Acteon, for example, may be
| |
| | people hunt not only to kill but to enjoy
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| seen as a caution against disrespect of
| |
| | the outdoors in a way few ever
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| prey or impudent boasting.
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| | experience.
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